正义的在场：一种基于关系本体论的法哲学观的思考 (The Presence of Justice： A Jurisprudence Based on Relational Ontology)
摘要
本文试图超越传统法理学中关于“正义是什么”的形而上追问，提出一种基于“关系性存在”的生成性法哲学观。通过整合后结构主义精神分析、东方道释智慧及马克思主义的批判视角，我们认为正义并非一个预先存在的实体，而是一种在法律的动态实践中被构筑的“在场性”。法律的符号秩序（“大他者”）如同渡河之舟，其终极目的并非自我永存，而是在实现正义的进程中导向自身的消解，从而使社会回归一种非异化的、本真的关系性和谐。
Abstract
This essay seeks to move beyond the metaphysical question of “what is justice” and to propose a generative philosophy of law grounded in relational being. Integrating post-structuralist psychoanalysis, Eastern Daoist–Buddhist insight, and Marxist critique, it argues that justice is not a pre-existing entity but a mode of presence constructed within the dynamic practice of law. The symbolic order of law—the “Big Other”—is like a raft for crossing a river: its ultimate purpose is not its own permanence, but its self-dissolution in the realization of justice, allowing society to return to an unalienated harmony of relations.
法理学的历史，其实是一部“正义”概念在结构与生成、符号与实在之间往复摆动的历史。功利主义将正义简化为可计算的效用最大化；法律实证主义将其限定为程序的符合性；概念法学又把它还原为符号体系的逻辑自洽。它们都试图将正义锚定于一种理性结构之中，使之稳定、可知，却也因此失去了生成的生命力。
The history of jurisprudence is a history of the oscillation of “justice” between structure and generation, between the symbolic and the real. Utilitarianism reduces justice to calculable utility; legal positivism confines it to procedural conformity; conceptual jurisprudence equates it with the logical consistency of legal symbols. Each seeks to anchor justice in rational structure—stable and knowable—but in doing so drains it of generative life.
语言学法学与社会学法学试图让法律重新贴近语言与社会的流动，但它们依然被困在现象界与符号界之内。主体在这些理论中逐渐消失，被溶解于结构的功能之中。法律现实主义把注意力转向经验与实践，逼近了正义的生成维度，却仍未触及生成与存在的本体性关联。即便新康德主义复兴了理性的“应然”，它也未能穿透理性自身的生成动力。
Linguistic and sociological jurisprudence attempted to reconnect law with the flow of language and society, yet both remained trapped within the phenomenal and symbolic domains. The subject gradually vanished, dissolved into the functional operations of structure. Legal realism turned toward experience and practice, approaching the generative dimension of justice, yet still failed to reach the ontological linkage between generation and being. Even the Neo-Kantian revival of rational normativity could not penetrate the dynamics by which reason itself is generated.
由此我们提出：正义并不预先存在，也无法被演绎而得。 当我们试图像证明一个定理那样去论证其存在，它便悄然退隐。正义无法被找到，只能被显现。
Hence we propose: Justice does not preexist, nor can it be deduced. When sought as something to be proven, it quietly withdraws. Justice cannot be found; it can only appear.
理解正义如何显现，必须回到更深的本体：纯粹关系性。世界的根基并非独立的实体，而是先于实体的关系。正如一个群的存在不在元素，而在运算关系 gh ∈ G 之中。个体在进入符号秩序时与这种原初关系分裂，渴望通过“他者”重新回到那种纯粹关系的统一。法律、国家、甚至上帝，皆是这种“大他者”的投影——人类以符号化的方式弥补与本体的断裂。
To understand how justice appears, we must return to a deeper ontology: pure relationality. The world’s foundation lies not in independent entities but in the relations that precede them. Just as a mathematical group is defined not by its elements but by the operation gh ∈ G, so too the individual, upon entering the symbolic order, becomes divided from this primordial unity and seeks through the “Other” to return to pure relation. Law, the state, and even God are projections of this “Big Other,” symbolic attempts to mend the ontological rupture.
正义的在场不是静止的终点，而是一个动态的涌现事件。它在实在界、符号界与现象界之间不断生成：实在界中有真实的冲突与意图，符号界中有条文与程序，现象界中有可感的结果与证据。司法的过程，正是正义被建构的现场。法官倾听来自实在界的呼喊，借助符号界的语言，重构现象界的事实。当这种建构既回应真实又符合逻辑、被经验所感知为公允时，正义便在场。
The presence of justice is not a static endpoint but a dynamic event of emergence. It unfolds in the interplay between the Real, the Symbolic, and the Phenomenal. The Real holds genuine conflict and intention; the Symbolic consists of legal texts and procedures; the Phenomenal contains the perceivable evidence and result. The judicial process is the very site where justice is constructed. When a judgment responds to the Real, employs the Symbolic, and is perceived as fair in the Phenomenal, justice becomes present.
现代法律所强调的“主客观相一致”原则，其深层意涵正是对符号异化最小化的追求。我们希望意图（实在）与结果（现象）之间的断裂得以弥合。法律的运行因此成为一个持续的优化过程，而正义，则是这一过程中的偶然涌现。
The modern law principle of consistency between intent and result expresses a deeper drive: the minimization of symbolic alienation. Law seeks to close the gap between the Real (intent) and the Phenomenal (result). Its operation is thus a continual optimization process, and justice is the contingent emergence within that process.
法律的深层悖论也在此显露：作为“大他者”的符号秩序，其存在的终极目的，竟是使其自身在正义的实现中消解。
Here the law’s deepest paradox emerges: the symbolic order, as the Big Other, exists ultimately to bring about its own dissolution in the realization of justice.
法律的符号秩序如同渡河之舟，其意义在于渡人，而非永存。《金刚经》言：“法尚应舍，何况非法。”最智慧的立法者与司法者，正是那位明白舟筏局限的航行者。其目的，是让渡河者在抵达彼岸后，忘记舟筏的存在。
The symbolic order of law is like a raft for crossing the river. Its value lies in ferrying beings across, not in remaining forever afloat. As the Diamond Sutra teaches, “Even the Dharma must be abandoned; how much more so what is not the Dharma.” The wisest lawgiver or judge is the navigator who knows the raft’s limits and whose goal is that those who cross may one day forget the raft and stand on the other shore.
这与马克思主义的预言不谋而合。国家与法律作为统治工具，在理想社会中终将“消亡”。社会的治理将从对人的统治转向对过程与关系的调节。无论是东方的“法尚应舍”，还是马克思的“国家消亡”，它们都指向同一终点：异化的终结，纯粹关系的复归。
This vision coincides with Marx’s prophecy: the state and law, as instruments of domination, will ultimately “wither away.” Governance will shift from the rule of persons to the regulation of processes and relations. Whether in the Buddhist saying “the Dharma must be abandoned” or in Marx’s “withering away of the state,” both point toward the same end—the end of alienation and the return of pure relation.
因此，正义的哲学应当完成一次根本的转向——从对“存在”的追问转向对“在场”的构筑。正义不存在，但其在场性可以被不断生成。
Thus the philosophy of justice must make a fundamental turn—from questioning “being” to constructing “presence.” Justice does not exist, yet its presence can be continually generated.
“应观法界性，一切唯心造。” 此心，并非主观意识，而是纯粹关系的动力学——一种横跨实在、符号与现象三界的涌现性存在。
“One should contemplate the nature of all dharmas; all is mind-made.” This mind is not subjective consciousness but the dynamics of pure relation—an emergent being that traverses the Real, the Symbolic, and the Phenomenal.
它要求我们以一片赤诚，在每一次司法与立法中，持续地调节关系、清除障碍，让生成得以自由展开。
It calls us to act with sincerity, to continually recalibrate relations and remove obstacles in every act of legislation and adjudication, so that generation may unfold freely.
我们创造并倚仗符号之舟，不是为了永远停泊于其上，而是为了借由它回到那个我们从未离开的故乡——那片作为本体的、非异化的纯粹关系性之地。
We create and rely on the symbolic raft not to dwell upon it forever, but to return through it to the homeland we have never left—the unalienated ground of pure relational being.
当正义如呼吸般自然，当和谐成为社会的节律，法律便在其最高成就中，功成身退。
When justice becomes as natural as breathing, and harmony the rhythm of society itself, law fulfills its highest purpose—by gracefully withdrawing.